Does 90% efficacy imply perfect protection in 90% of people and no protection in 10% (''all-or-nothing'') or that the per-exposure risk is reduced by 90% in all vaccinated individuals (''leaky'') or somewhere in
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We find that the difference in population-level impact between all-or-nothing and leaky vaccines can be substantial when R0 is higher, vaccines efficacy is intermediate, and vaccines slow
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We propose an estimator of VE per exposure that accounts for heterogeneous susceptibility and exposure for a repeated measures study with binary recurrent outcomes. The estimator requires only
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Using multiple experimental and modeling approaches, we show that rainbow trout have relatively homogeneous susceptibility to infection with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and
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Distinguishing the epidemiological mode of action of vaccination is important because an all-or-nothing vaccine has a greater impact in reducing population-wide pathogen transmission than a leaky
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In this section, we construct the per-contact V E estimators bv and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox-based estimator v∗, derived from the ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 (Oxford–AstraZeneca)
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